Stains In Focus: The History of H&E Staining

Introduction to H&E Staining

Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is a cornerstone technique in histology, extensively used to assess tissue structure. Haematoxylin gives a blue hue to cell nuclei, while Eosin stains the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix in varying shades of pink. This dual-staining approach enables clear differentiation of tissue components, facilitating the identification of cellular structures and pathological changes.​

In this blog, Atom Scientific will go through the history of each component, it’s uses and its gradual introduction into Histological Techniques.

Haematoxylin and It’s History

Haematoxylin’s development can be traced back all the way back to the logwood tree also known famously as the ‘Blood Wood Tree’ which contained a significant concentration of haematoxylin in its roots and was often used to produce a dye which was extracted through a boiling process. This dye was valued for its ability to produce deep purples and blacks on various fabrics, including wool, silk, and leather.  In the 19th century, haematoxylin's application expanded beyond textiles. It began to be used in histology for staining tissue samples, aiding in the study of cellular structures.  

Eosin and It’s History

Eosin is a synthetic red dye that was first discovered by Heinrich Caro in 1874, director of the German chemical company Bardiche Anillin -und Soda – Fabrik. It is derived from fluorescein through a bromination process and has a strong affinity for basic (alkaline) components, notably proteins containing amino acid residues such as arginine and lysine. Due to its negative charge, eosin binds effectively to these positively charged structures, resulting in avivid red or pink coloration.

In 1879, Paul Ehrlich, a pioneering German scientist, introduced a technique for staining blood films, marking a significant advancement in staining practices. Utilising coal tar dyes, he developed a method that enabled the differentiation of various blood cell types. Ehrlich's work was instrumental in identifying and naming the eosinophil, a type of white blood cell characterised by its affinity for acidic dyes like eosin. The eosinophil's granules, which stain prominently with eosin, were first recognised through Ehrlich's staining methods. This breakthrough provided a clearer understanding of blood cell morphology and function, significantly contributing to the field of haematology.​ 

The First Use of H&E in Histology

Nicolaus Wissozky, a Russian chemist, is credited with introducing the combination of Haematoxylin and Eosin as a dual-staining method in histology in 1877. His innovative approach allowed for the clear differentiation of cell nuclei and cytoplasm, significantly enhancing the microscopic examination of tissue samples.

Wissozky's method involved staining cell nuclei with haematoxylin, which imparts a deep blue or purple hue, and counterstaining the cytoplasm and extracellular components with eosin, resulting in pink to red tones. This contrast provided a more detailed view of tissue makeup, aiding in the identification of various cell types and structures.​

Atom Scientific’s Ready to Use H&E Stains                                                   

The H&E Stain upclose through a microscope.

Atom Scientific's Stains are independently assessed by an external QA scheme where run scores are audited to provide in-depth feedback to aid in continual improvements within organisations.

The scheme describes our Haematoxylin & Eosin as an ‘Excellent appropriate demonstration of the expected staining results, and a high level of quality’ with a Score of 10/10.

Atom Scientific is proud to be the only UK manufacturer offering IVDR-registered and ISO13485-compliant stains and stain kits. We provide the most comprehensive range of UK-manufactured, pre-validated, IVDR-certified products for diagnostic use, all from a single trusted source. Choosing Atom Scientific means choosing full compliance and peace of mind.

Our ready-to-use, validated stain kits are designed to support the modern BMS by saving valuable time and delivering consistent, reliable results within proven protocols. Each kit offers complete batch and raw material traceability, ensuring a robust audit trail whenever required. In addition, we provide full technical support to help you maximise the performance and reliability of your staining processes.

Atom Scientific Ltd